Grants paid by Donald J Slavik Family Foundation
EIN 82-6893331 · Wilmington, DE · Form 990-PF, Part XV · NTEE T20
Donald J Slavik Family Foundation of Wilmington, DE (EIN 82-6893331) reported 100 grants paid totaling $10,343,031 to 46 recipients in tax years 2020–2024, on Form 990-PF, Part XV. Derived from IRS e-file data, dataset version 2026.09.0, built 2026-09-03.
Grants paid
$10,343,031
100 grants
Recipients
46
distinct organizations
Tax years
2020–2024
5 filings in the corpus
By tax year
| Tax year | Grants paid | Amount paid | Approved for future |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 7 | $841,640 | — |
| 2021 | 11 | $1,021,578 | — |
| 2022 | 27 | $2,650,000 | — |
| 2023 | 29 | $2,623,185 | — |
| 2024 | 26 | $3,206,628 | — |
Top recipients
The 46 recipients receiving the most from Donald J Slavik Family Foundation, by grants paid, out of 46 distinct recipients.
| Recipient | Match | Location | Grants | Total paid | Latest year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| National Philanthropic Trust 23-7825575 | C | Jenkintown, PA | 3 | $1,092,950 | 2024 |
| Nature Conservancy 53-0242652 | B | Arlington, VA | 7 | $1,000,000 | 2024 |
| Wildlife Conservation Network 30-0108469 | B | San Francisco, CA | 8 | $840,000 | 2024 |
| Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative 81-0535303 | B | Bozeman, MT | 6 | $529,750 | 2024 |
| Empowers Africa Inc 32-0403737 | B | New York, NY | 2 | $515,000 | 2024 |
| Rockefeller Philanthropy Advisors Inc 13-3615533 | B | New York, NY | 3 | $500,000 | 2024 |
| Vital Ground Foundation 87-0483446 | B | Missoula, MT | 4 | $473,150 | 2024 |
| Panthera Corporation 20-4668756 | B | New York, NY | 3 | $400,000 | 2024 |
| Ocean Conservancy Inc 23-7245152 | B | Washington, DC | 3 | $374,010 | 2024 |
| Wild Salmon Center 94-3166095 | B | Portland, OR | 3 | $350,000 | 2024 |
| Rewild 26-2887967 | B | Austin, TX | 5 | $335,000 | 2024 |
| National Wildlife Federation 53-0204616 | C | Merrifield, VA | 4 | $300,000 | 2024 |
| Wildlife Guardians 36-4712624 | B | Washington, DC | 3 | $270,000 | 2024 |
| African Parks Foundation of America | U | New York, NY | 2 | $252,000 | 2022 |
| Colorado State University Foundatio 23-7098397 | C | Fort Collins, CO | 3 | $247,000 | 2023 |
| The Nature Conservancy | U | Cold Spring Harbor, NY | 2 | $200,000 | 2023 |
| Center for Biological Diversity Inc 27-3943866 | B | Tucson, AZ | 1 | $200,000 | 2024 |
| Wildlife Conservation Society 13-1740011 | B | Bronx, NY | 2 | $200,000 | 2022 |
| Maliasili Initiatives Inc 27-3183146 | B | Essex Junction, VT | 2 | $200,000 | 2024 |
| Wild Canid Survival & Research Center Inc 43-0996361 | B | Eureka, MO | 3 | $178,675 | 2024 |
| Endangered Wolf Center | U | Eureka, MO | 1 | $150,000 | 2020 |
| Shark Conservation Fund | U | New York, NY | 1 | $150,000 | 2021 |
| Northeast Wilderness Trust 01-0729039 | B | Montpelier, VT | 2 | $150,000 | 2022 |
| Greater Yellowstone Coalition Inc 81-0414042 | B | Bozeman, MT | 2 | $150,000 | 2024 |
| African Parks Foundation of America 30-0241904 | B | Washington, DC | 1 | $142,000 | 2024 |
| Pacific Marine Mammal Center 95-3680896 | B | Laguna Beach, CA | 2 | $119,500 | 2021 |
| Kopelion Inc 83-3629425 | B | New York, NY | 2 | $110,300 | 2023 |
| Friends of the Sea Lion Inc - Pacific Marine Mamma | U | Laguna Beach, CA | 1 | $100,000 | 2022 |
| Future West 27-1277635 | C | Bozeman, MT | 1 | $100,000 | 2022 |
| The Saint Louis Zoo Foundation 43-1727309 | B | Saint Louis, MO | 1 | $100,000 | 2022 |
| African People & Wildlife Fund Inc 20-3153855 | B | Far Hills, NJ | 1 | $100,000 | 2022 |
| Wildlife Crossing Fund 93-1354048 | C | Calabasas, CA | 1 | $100,000 | 2024 |
| Wild Entrust International 71-1011900 | B | Sammamish, WA | 1 | $80,000 | 2023 |
| The Honeyguide Foundation | U | Arusha | 1 | $60,000 | 2021 |
| Florida Wildlife Corridor Inc 20-1822793 | C | St Petersburg, FL | 1 | $50,000 | 2022 |
| Save Our Wild Salmon Coalition 91-1673170 | B | Seattle, WA | 1 | $50,000 | 2022 |
| Entertainment 2 Affect Change | U | Los Angeles, CA | 1 | $30,000 | 2024 |
| Pasadena Humane Society 95-1643344 | B | Pasadena, CA | 1 | $30,000 | 2020 |
| Sherwood Forest Camp Inc 43-0653401 | B | Saint Louis, MO | 1 | $30,000 | 2022 |
| The Wild Dolphin Project 65-0264660 | C | Jupiter, FL | 1 | $21,540 | 2020 |
| African Conservation Centre US 46-3104438 | B | Boulder, CO | 1 | $20,000 | 2023 |
| Boys and Girls Club of Pasadena 95-1643305 | B | Pasadena, CA | 2 | $20,000 | 2021 |
| Center for Rehabilitation of Wildli | U | Sanibel, FL | 1 | $10,600 | 2020 |
| Consultative Group On Biological Diversity 13-3431076 | B | San Francisco, CA | 1 | $7,500 | 2023 |
| Donald Slavik Family Foundation | U | St Louis, MO | 1 | $2,578 | 2021 |
| Wildlife Protection Solutions 45-5583283 | B | Golden, CO | 1 | $1,478 | 2024 |
Match tier: A Reported EIN · B Exact name and place · C Strong name match · D Probable name match · U Unresolved. Tiers C and D are inferred, not reported; see how matching works.
Every grant
All 100 grant rows this organization reported, most recent first.
| Tax year | Recipient | Match | Amount | Type | Purpose | Source filing |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 | Empowers Africa Inc New York, NY | B | $315,000 | paid | Lion Landscapes Fund | 202503039349101120 |
| 2024 | Center for Biological Diversity Inc Tucson, AZ | B | $200,000 | paid | the N.C. US 64 Wolf Crossing Project: Red Wolf Crossing Fund | 202503039349101120 |
| 2024 | Rockefeller Philanthropy Advisors Inc New York, NY | B | $200,000 | paid | Shark Conservation Fund | 202503039349101120 |
| 2024 | Nature Conservancy Arlington, VA | B | $200,000 | paid | Funds for Zambia's Kafue-West Lunga Corridor | 202503039349101120 |
| 2024 | National Philanthropic Trust Jenkintown, PA | C | $200,000 | paid | The Slavik Williams Charitable Fund | 202503039349101120 |
| 2024 | Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative Bozeman, MT | B | $175,000 | paid | HWY 3 Corridor Project | 202503039349101120 |
| 2024 | Wild Salmon Center Portland, OR | B | $150,000 | paid | Funds for West Susitna River D/F: Block Highway Construction | 202503039349101120 |
| 2024 | Panthera Corporation New York, NY | B | $150,000 | paid | Funds for Protecting Big Cats and Biodiversity of Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe, and Supporting the well-being and resilience of local communities | 202503039349101120 |
| 2024 | Maliasili Initiatives Inc Essex Junction, VT | B | $150,000 | paid | Lion Guardians - Work with Maasai/Carnivore Coexistence | 202503039349101120 |
| 2024 | Wildlife Conservation Network Inc San Francisco, CA | B | $150,000 | paid | The Lion Recovery Fund with further support to Natura in Mozambique | 202503039349101120 |
| 2024 | Nature Conservancy Arlington, VA | B | $150,000 | paid | Funds for Mainsteaming Food and Water Solutions Globally | 202503039349101120 |
| 2024 | African Parks Foundation of America Washington, DC | B | $142,000 | paid | Fund for Managing Large Carnivores in Majete Wildlife Reserve 2024 | 202503039349101120 |
| 2024 | Vital Ground Foundation Inc Missoula, MT | B | $123,150 | paid | East Glacier Linkage Pjt: Connecting Vital Land Fund | 202503039349101120 |
| 2024 | Wildlife Conservation Network Inc San Francisco, CA | B | $115,000 | paid | Niassa Lion - Promoting Human Coexistence with Lions and other predators | 202503039349101120 |
| 2024 | Ocean Conservancy Inc Washington, DC | B | $100,000 | paid | PNW Ghost Gear Removal Project | 202503039349101120 |
| 2024 | Nature Conservancy Arlington, VA | B | $100,000 | paid | the Florida Wildlife Center - Florida Panther Project | 202503039349101120 |
| 2024 | Wildlife Crossing Fund Calabasas, CA | C | $100,000 | paid | National Wildlife Crossings Fund | 202503039349101120 |
| 2024 | Wildlife Guardians Washington, DC | B | $100,000 | paid | Pride Alliance Fund | 202503039349101120 |
| 2024 | Rewild Austin, TX | B | $80,000 | paid | Zambezi River Valley Carnivore Preservation Project | 202503039349101120 |
| 2024 | Wild Canid Survival & Research Center Inc Eureka, MO | B | $75,000 | paid | Funds for Animal Refrigerator Unit | 202503039349101120 |
| 2024 | Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative Bozeman, MT | B | $50,000 | paid | Funds for study support regarding I-90 over pass project | 202503039349101120 |
| 2024 | Greater Yellowstone Coalition Inc Bozeman, MT | B | $50,000 | paid | Grizz Conflict Reduction: Funding Programs Across Ecosystem | 202503039349101120 |
| 2024 | National Wildlife Federation Merrifield, VA | C | $50,000 | paid | Recover of CO Wolves/Conflict Program | 202503039349101120 |
| 2024 | Rewild Austin, TX | B | $50,000 | paid | Funds for Ending Bushmeat Hunting, Consumption, and Trade in African Golden Cats | 202503039349101120 |
| 2024 | Entertainment 2 Affect Change Los Angeles, CA | U | $30,000 | paid | Connecting the Grizzly program | 202503039349101120 |
| 2024 | Wildlife Protection Solutions Golden, CO | B | $1,478 | paid | Funds for WCC Conference | 202503039349101120 |
| 2023 | Empowers Africa Inc New York, NY | B | $200,000 | paid | Lion Landscapes - Sustainable Growth of the Lion Landscapes programs | 202443199349106234 |
| 2023 | Nature Conservancy Arlington, VA | B | $200,000 | paid | Florida Panther Protection fund | 202443199349106234 |
| 2023 | Wild Salmon Center Portland, OR | B | $150,000 | paid | To protect the Susitna River watershed from the proposed West Susitna Industrial access road | 202443199349106234 |
| 2023 | Nature Conservancy Arlington, VA | B | $150,000 | paid | The Nature for Food Facility fund | 202443199349106234 |
| 2023 | Rockefeller Philanthropy Advisors Inc New York, NY | B | $150,000 | paid | The Shark Conservation Fund | 202443199349106234 |
| 2023 | Ocean Conservancy Inc Washington, DC | B | $140,380 | paid | To support the Animal Impact Calculator Project | 202443199349106234 |
| 2023 | Ocean Conservancy Inc Washington, DC | B | $133,630 | paid | to support the Pacific Northwest Ghost Gear Removal project | 202443199349106234 |
| 2023 | National Wildlife Federation Reston, VA | B | $100,000 | paid | Wallis Annenberg Wildlife Crossing fund | 202443199349106234 |
| 2023 | Panthera Corporation New York, NY | B | $100,000 | paid | Protecting the Big Cats and Biodiversity of Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe | 202443199349106234 |
| 2023 | National Wildlife Federation Reston, VA | B | $100,000 | paid | The Wildlife Crossing Fund | 202443199349106234 |
| 2023 | Wildlife Conservation Network Inc San Francisco, CA | B | $100,000 | paid | Lion Recovery Fund - Securing the protection area to promote lion recovery and expansion in the Zambeze Delta, Mozambique | 202443199349106234 |
| 2023 | The Nature Conservancy Cold Spring Harbor, NY | U | $100,000 | paid | Conservation of Zambia's Kafue-West Lunga Corridor fund | 202443199349106234 |
| 2023 | Wildlife Conservation Network Inc San Francisco, CA | B | $100,000 | paid | Niassa Lion - Niassa Carnivore Project | 202443199349106234 |
| 2023 | Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative Bozeman, MT | B | $95,000 | paid | Science Investigation - I-90 Migration Study fund | 202443199349106234 |
| 2023 | Wild Canid Survival & Research Center Inc Eureka, MO | B | $93,675 | paid | for the purchase of two vehicles | 202443199349106234 |
| 2023 | Wildlife Guardians Washington, DC | B | $90,000 | paid | Pride Alliance - 2 annual member meetings and 4 member exchange visits | 202443199349106234 |
| 2023 | Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative Bozeman, MT | B | $80,000 | paid | BC's Highway 3 - Reconnecting the Rockies fund | 202443199349106234 |
| 2023 | Wildlife Guardians Washington, DC | B | $80,000 | paid | WE Africa - Developing Women Leaders in Africa fund | 202443199349106234 |
| 2023 | Wild Entrust International Sammamish, WA | B | $80,000 | paid | Bio Boundary Project for African Painted Dog Project | 202443199349106234 |
| 2023 | Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative Bozeman, MT | B | $78,000 | paid | McArthur Lake fund | 202443199349106234 |
| 2023 | Colorado State University Foundation Fort Collins, CO | C | $50,000 | paid | Center for Human-Carnivore Coexistence - Fighting Cheetah trafficking in the horn of Africa - expanding work to Ethiopia | 202443199349106234 |
| 2023 | Wildlife Conservation Network Inc San Francisco, CA | B | $50,000 | paid | Cheetah Conservation Botswana - for Purpose of Conserving cheetah and other carnivores through human/WL conflict management in the western Kalahari | 202443199349106234 |
| 2023 | National Wildlife Federation Reston, VA | B | $50,000 | paid | Recovery of Colorado Wolves/Conflict Program | 202443199349106234 |
| 2023 | Maliasili Initiatives Inc Essex Junction, VT | B | $50,000 | paid | General & Unrestricted | 202443199349106234 |
| 2023 | Kopelion Inc New York, NY | B | $40,000 | paid | Educating Primary School Children about Coexisting with lions | 202443199349106234 |
| 2023 | Rewild Austin, TX | B | $25,000 | paid | Pigs and Smiles: local solutions to protect African golden cats fund | 202443199349106234 |
| 2023 | African Conservation Centre US Boulder, CO | B | $20,000 | paid | Convening Southern Rangelands Coalition (SRC) and hosting monthly meetings for the conservation and knowledge hub | 202443199349106234 |
| 2023 | Wild Canid Survival & Research Center Inc Eureka, MO | B | $10,000 | paid | Signage on Vans fund | 202443199349106234 |
| 2023 | Consultative Group On Biological Diversity San Francisco, CA | B | $7,500 | paid | General & Unrestricted | 202443199349106234 |
| 2022 | National Philanthropic Trust Jenkintown, PA | C | $292,950 | paid | General & Unrestricted | 202323209349101007 |
| 2022 | Panthera Corporation New York, NY | B | $150,000 | paid | Protecting the Big Cats and Biodiversity of Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe | 202323209349101007 |
| 2022 | Vital Ground Foundation Inc Missoula, MT | B | $150,000 | paid | Bull River Linkage II Project | 202323209349101007 |
| 2022 | Rockefeller Philanthropy Advisors Inc New York, NY | B | $150,000 | paid | The Shark Conservation Fund | 202323209349101007 |
| 2022 | Rewild Austin, TX | B | $130,000 | paid | Zambezi Valley Carnivore Preservation Project | 202323209349101007 |
| 2022 | Friends of the Sea Lion Inc - Pacific Marine Mamma Laguna Beach, CA | U | $100,000 | paid | Education Center fund | 202323209349101007 |
| 2022 | The Saint Louis Zoo Foundation Saint Louis, MO | B | $100,000 | paid | Saint Louis Zoo WildCare Institute Botswana Center for African Painted Dogs | 202323209349101007 |
| 2022 | African People & Wildlife Fund Inc Far Hills, NJ | B | $100,000 | paid | Conserving Large Carnivores in critical ecosystems in Tanzania | 202323209349101007 |
| 2022 | Wildlife Conservation Network Inc San Francisco, CA | B | $100,000 | paid | Lion Recovery Fund | 202323209349101007 |
| 2022 | Greater Yellowstone Coalition Inc Bozeman, MT | B | $100,000 | paid | Mining Rights for the Crevice Mountain Mine | 202323209349101007 |
| 2022 | African Parks Foundation of America New York, NY | U | $100,000 | paid | Large Carnivores in Majete Wildlife Reserve in Malawi | 202323209349101007 |
| 2022 | Future West Bozeman, MT | C | $100,000 | paid | Next Era of Grizzly Bear Conservation in the High Divide fund | 202323209349101007 |
| 2022 | Nature Conservancy Arlington, VA | B | $100,000 | paid | Florida Panther Project | 202323209349101007 |
| 2022 | Northeast Wilderness Trust Montpelier, VT | B | $100,000 | paid | Bear Pond Forest | 202323209349101007 |
| 2022 | Wildlife Conservation Society Bronx, NY | B | $100,000 | paid | Recovering the Tree-Climbing Lions of Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda | 202323209349101007 |
| 2022 | Nature Conservancy Arlington, VA | B | $100,000 | paid | Regenerative Food Systems | 202323209349101007 |
| 2022 | Vital Ground Foundation Inc Missoula, MT | B | $100,000 | paid | Bismark Meadows Capstone | 202323209349101007 |
| 2022 | The Nature Conservancy Cold Spring Harbor, NY | U | $100,000 | paid | Lion Landscapes - Coexistence in Kenya and Tanzania | 202323209349101007 |
| 2022 | Wildlife Conservation Network Inc San Francisco, CA | B | $75,000 | paid | Niassa Lion - Human/Carnivore Coexistence | 202323209349101007 |
| 2022 | Kopelion Inc New York, NY | C | $70,300 | paid | Expand program management into Kakesio area | 202323209349101007 |
| 2022 | Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative Bozeman, MT | B | $51,750 | paid | Repair and extend US-95 fencing to improve safe wildlife passage in northern Idaho | 202323209349101007 |
| 2022 | Wild Salmon Center Portland, OR | B | $50,000 | paid | Protecting the Susitna Watershed in Alaska | 202323209349101007 |
| 2022 | Colorado State University Foundation Fort Collins, CO | C | $50,000 | paid | Center for Human-Carnivore Coexistence - Cheetah Conservation in Somaliland | 202323209349101007 |
| 2022 | Rewild Austin, TX | B | $50,000 | paid | Pigs and Smiles: local solutions to protect African Golden Cats | 202323209349101007 |
| 2022 | Florida Wildlife Corridor Inc St Petersburg, FL | C | $50,000 | paid | Art Plus Science Florida Wildlife Corridor Education Curriculum | 202323209349101007 |
| 2022 | Save Our Wild Salmon Coalition Seattle, WA | B | $50,000 | paid | restore the Snake River and it's salmon | 202323209349101007 |
| 2022 | Sherwood Forest Camp Inc Saint Louis, MO | B | $30,000 | paid | General & Unrestricted | 202323209349101007 |
| 2021 | African Parks Foundation of America New York, NY | U | $152,000 | paid | GENERAL | 202202529349100200 |
| 2021 | Shark Conservation Fund New York, NY | U | $150,000 | paid | SHARK CONSERVATION FUND | 202202529349100200 |
| 2021 | Wildlife Conservation Network San Francisco, CA | B | $150,000 | paid | LION RECOVERY FUND | 202202529349100200 |
| 2021 | Colorado State University Foundatio Fort Collins, CO | C | $147,000 | paid | IN SUPPORT OF THEIR TRADITION OF TEACHING, RESEARCH AND PUBLIC SERVICE | 202202529349100200 |
| 2021 | Vital Ground Foundation Missoula, MT | B | $100,000 | paid | TO SUPPORT WILDLIFE CONSERVATIONS | 202202529349100200 |
| 2021 | Pacific Marine Mammal Center Laguna Beach, CA | B | $100,000 | paid | NEXT WAVE CAPITAL CAMPAIGN | 202202529349100200 |
| 2021 | Wildlife Conservation Society Bronx, NY | B | $100,000 | paid | SAVING WILDLIFE AND WILD PLACES WORLDWIDE THROUGH SCIENCE, CONSERVATION ACTION, EDUCATION, AND INSPIRING PEOPLE TO VALUE NATURE | 202202529349100200 |
| 2021 | The Honeyguide Foundation Arusha | U | $60,000 | paid | GENERAL | 202202529349100200 |
| 2021 | Northeast Wilderness Trust Montpelier, VT | B | $50,000 | paid | TO SUPPORT THE RESEARCH ACTIVITIES OF THE COUGAR RESEARCH COLLABORATIVE | 202202529349100200 |
| 2021 | Boys and Girls Club of Pasadena Pasadena, CA | B | $10,000 | paid | IN SUPPORT OF THEIR EDUCATIONAL AND ENRICHMENT PROGAMS | 202202529349100200 |
| 2021 | Donald Slavik Family Foundation St Louis, MO | U | $2,578 | paid | GENERAL | 202202529349100200 |
| 2020 | National Philanthropic Trust Jenkintown, PA | C | $600,000 | paid | DONOR ADVISED FUND | 202142569349101059 |
| 2020 | Endangered Wolf Center Eureka, MO | U | $150,000 | paid | GENERAL | 202142569349101059 |
| 2020 | Pasadena Humane Society Pasadena, CA | B | $30,000 | paid | WILD ANIMAL RESCUE PROGRAM | 202142569349101059 |
| 2020 | The Wild Dolphin Project Jupiter, FL | C | $21,540 | paid | INTERN FIELD SUPPORT | 202142569349101059 |
| 2020 | Pacific Marine Mammal Center Laguna Beach, CA | B | $19,500 | paid | ANIMAL CARE EQUIPMENT | 202142569349101059 |
| 2020 | Center for Rehabilitation of Wildli Sanibel, FL | U | $10,600 | paid | GENERAL | 202142569349101059 |
| 2020 | Boys and Girls Club of Pasadena Pasadena, CA | C | $10,000 | paid | OPERATING FUND | 202142569349101059 |
Match tier: A Reported EIN · B Exact name and place · C Strong name match · D Probable name match · U Unresolved. Tiers C and D are inferred, not reported; see how matching works.
Recipient matching for this dataset version has not yet completed its independent precision check. Tier A rows carry the EIN the filer reported; tiers B–D are the matcher's inference and should be read as leads until the check is published on the methodology page.
Source filings
Every figure above is traceable to one of these IRS e-file returns by its OBJECT_ID.
| Form | Tax year | Period end | Filed | Schema | IRS OBJECT_ID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 990PF | 2024 | 2024-12-31 | not stated | 2024v5.2 | 202503039349101120 |
| 990PF | 2023 | 2023-12-31 | not stated | 2023v5.1 | 202443199349106234 |
| 990PF | 2022 | 2022-12-31 | not stated | 2022v5.0 | 202323209349101007 |
| 990PF | 2021 | 2021-12-31 | not stated | 2021v4.0 | 202202529349100200 |
| 990PF | 2020 | 2020-12-31 | not stated | 2020v4.0 | 202142569349101059 |
Derived from IRS Form 990-PF e-file XML; recipient identities from the IRS Exempt Organizations Business Master File. Dataset version 2026.09.0, built 2026-09-03. The same rows as Parquet: manifest; as JSON: /api/funders/826893331.json.
The same organization elsewhere in the program: exempt status and filing health · federal awards · grant guidance · open opportunities.
This is informational only, derived from public data on the dates shown. It is not an eligibility determination, and not legal, tax, or accounting advice. Verify against the official source before relying on it.