funder-graph

funder-graph › Recipients

Who funds Ann Arbor Area Community Foundation

EIN 38-6087967 · Ann Arbor, MI · NTEE T31

Ann Arbor Area Community Foundation of Ann Arbor, MI (EIN 38-6087967) was named as a grant recipient by 42 funders in 112 grants paid totaling $13,223,490 in tax years 2018–2025, as reported on the funders' Forms 990-PF and 990 Schedule I. Each edge was resolved to this EIN at the match tier shown. Dataset version 2026.09.0, built 2026-09-03.

Grants received

$13,223,490

112 grants paid

Funders

42

distinct grantmakers

Tax years

2018–2025

as reported by funders

Approved for future payment

$50,000

not included in grants received

Funders

Grantmakers ranked by total paid to Ann Arbor Area Community Foundation
FunderStateMatchGrantsTotal paidLatest year
The Buhr Foundation 38-6072288MIB3$6,667,2972021
Schwab Charitable Fund 31-1640316COA7$2,145,3002025
Duffy Foundation 38-2908719MIB6$1,000,0002024
Washtenaw Housing Alliance 38-3551639MIA3$930,2052025
Fidelity Investments Charitable Gift Fund 11-0303001MAA9$388,1242025
Council of Michigan Foundations 38-6263347MIA2$328,9482023
River City Foundation 38-2966996MIB6$268,0302024
Mary Williams Gillenwater Scholarship Fund 2-1388 61-6335599MIB8$257,4192025
The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation 22-6029397NJB3$150,0002022
Song Foundation 84-3950307COB1$150,0002025
Consumers Energy Foundation 38-2935534MIB7$142,0652022
James a and Faith Knight Foundation 38-3465904MIBC7$108,5002022
American Online Giving Foundation Inc 81-0739440DEA6$86,6992025
The Martin Family Foundation 38-3340278MIB1$77,0002020
Iha Health Services Corporation 38-3316559MIA1$75,0002023
Grand Rapids Community Foundation 38-2877959MIA1$75,0002025
Vanguard Charitable Endowment Program 23-2888152PAA4$64,5532025
The Ralph C Wilson Jr Foundation 45-0921232MIB1$50,0002024
United Way of Washtenaw County 38-1951024MIA3$41,0332020
The Campbell Fund 38-3334874MIB3$35,0002024
Ranger Foundation 38-3499187MIB1$30,0002020
Community Foundation for Southeast Michigan 38-2530980MIA1$25,0002020
Intentional Communities of Washtenaw County 83-0980334MIA1$25,0002025
Johnson Charitable Gift Fund 30-0233491OHA1$20,0002025
Speyer Foundation 38-3560538MIB2$16,2572023
Ann Arbor Huron High School Booster Club Inc 38-2970818MID2$15,0292025
National Philanthropic Trust 23-7825575PAA1$9,0002021
Network for Good 68-0480736DCA1$7,5852022
Prologis Foundation 36-4439409COB1$7,5002024
Paypal Charitable Giving Fund 45-0931286DCA1$5,3402021
The Northern Lights Family Foundation 81-0866529MIB1$5,0002023
Ross & Pj Martin Family Foundation 38-3505450MIB2$4,0002021
Light Action Foundation 38-2477755NVB3$4,0002021
Bob and Jan Lyons Foundation 38-3423247MID2$4,0002023
Marjorie Harris Reynolds Fdn 04-6820699MAC1$2,0002020
The Mosaic Foundation (of R & P Heydon) 38-2910797MIB1$1,0002024
Agilent Technologies Foundation 77-0532250CAB1$1,0002020
Whitman Family Foundation Co Northpoint Financial 38-3191221MIB1$1,0002020
The Kusinski Family Foundation 26-6673947ILB1$5002018
Amazonsmile Foundation 46-2626883WAB3$612023
Imc Chicago Charitable Foundation 26-1416954ILB1$252020
Dotopia 27-1305212MNB1$202018

Match tier: A Reported EIN · B Exact name and place · C Strong name match · D Probable name match · U Unresolved. Tiers C and D are inferred, not reported; see how matching works.

Grants

The 113 most recent grants naming this organization.

Grants to Ann Arbor Area Community Foundation as reported by funders
Tax yearFunderRecipientMatchAmountTypePurposeSource filing
2025Washtenaw Housing AllianceAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIA$237,281paidSUPPORTIVE HOUSING202641359349315744
2025Song FoundationAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$150,000paidGENERAL PURPOSE202631889349100903
2025Grand Rapids Community FoundationAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIA$75,000paidPLEASE DEPOSIT IN THE JEFF AND ANNE KITTENDORF FUND AT THE ANN ARBOR AREA COMMUNITY FOUNDATION202533189349310808
2025Fidelity Investments Charitable Gift FundAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIA$48,450paidFor grant recipient's exempt purposes202601389349301700
2025Mary Williams Gillenwater Scholarship Fund 2-1388Ann Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$32,010paidSCHOLARSHIP FUNDING202640659349100509
2025Donor Advised Charitable Giving IncAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIA$27,700paidPUBLIC, SOCIETAL BENEFIT202611199349300601
2025Intentional Communities of Washtenaw CountyAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIA$25,000paidCONTRIBUTION TO AN ENDOWMENT AT THE ANN ARBOR AREA COMMUNITY FOUNDATION.202621349349308487
2025Johnson Charitable Gift FundAnn Arbor Area Community Fund Ann Arbor, MIA$20,000paidGENERAL FUND202533219349308528
2025Vanguard Charitable Endowment ProgramAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIA$16,000paidFOR RECIPIENT'S EXEMPT PURPOSE202621329349306657
2025American Online Giving Foundation IncAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIA$13,873paidGENERAL SUPPORT202641969349302754
2025American Online Giving Foundation IncAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIA$13,873paidGENERAL SUPPORT202533509349301608
2025Ann Arbor Huron High School Booster Club IncAnn Arbor Area Community FoundationD$9,029paid202533389349300813
2024Donor Advised Charitable Giving IncAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIA$1,023,500paidPUBLIC, SOCIETAL BENEFIT202541069349300729
2024Duffy FoundationAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$220,000paidUSE CONSISTENT W/501(C)(3) STATUS202523219349100527
2024Washtenaw Housing AllianceAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIA$192,924paidAFFORDABLE HOUSING202501359349308060
2024Fidelity Investments Charitable Gift FundAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIA$130,350paidFor grant recipient's exempt purposes202521349349310887
2024River City FoundationAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$71,930paidKITTENDORF FUND202500659349100800
2024The Ralph C Wilson Jr FoundationAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$50,000paidCapacity Support for Rural Areas of Washtenaw County202503219349108650
2024The Ralph C Wilson Jr FoundationAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$50,000approved, futureCapacity Support for Rural Areas of Washtenaw County202503219349108650
2024Mary Williams Gillenwater Scholarship Fund 2-1388Ann Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$30,192paidSCHOLARSHIP FUNDING202531279349102218
2024American Online Giving Foundation IncAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIA$15,794paidGENERAL SUPPORT202530159349302758
2024Vanguard Charitable Endowment ProgramAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIA$15,500paidFOR RECIPIENT'S EXEMPT PURPOSE202511349349313096
2024The Campbell FundAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$10,000paidUNRESTRICTED SUPPORT FOR ACTIVITIES202541779349100714
2024Prologis FoundationAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$7,500paidCOMMUNITY SUPPORT202523189349101867
2024The Mosaic Foundation (of R & P Heydon)Ann Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$1,000paidSUPPORT HISTORIC AND LAND PRESERVATION202543179349101419
2023Duffy FoundationAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$120,000paidUSE CONSISTENT W/501(C)(3) STATUS202421359349102627
2023Council of Michigan FoundationsAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIA$102,250paidSTATE EQUITY FUND PILOT GRANT AND OTHER202430339349300343
2023Iha Health Services CorporationAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIA$75,000paidSUPPORT FOR PERMANENT SUPPORTIVE HOUSING SERVICES202421369349305822
2023Fidelity Investments Charitable Gift FundAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIA$31,650paidFor grant recipient's exempt purposes202441369349301334
2023Mary Williams Gillenwater Scholarship Fund 2-1388Ann Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$31,330paidSCHOLARSHIP FUNDING202410679349100001
2023Schwab Charitable FundAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIA$22,500paidPUBLIC, SOCIETAL BENEFIT202411039349301716
2023American Online Giving Foundation IncAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIA$12,848paidGENERAL SUPPORT202410469349300741
2023The Northern Lights Family FoundationAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$5,000paidHUMAN SERVICES202402399349100650
2023Bob and Jan Lyons FoundationAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation - Dexter Community Fund Ann Arbor, MID$2,000paidGENERAL FUND202421349349100737
2023Speyer FoundationAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$257paidSUPPORT FOR DAILY202303469349100715
2023Amazonsmile FoundationAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$22paidGENERAL SUPPORT202540919349100629
2022Council of Michigan FoundationsAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIA$226,698paidSTATE EQUITY FUND PILOT GRANT AND OTHER202310389349300911
2022Duffy FoundationAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$220,000paidUSE CONSISTENT W/501(C)(3) STATUS202341329349102284
2022River City FoundationAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$80,200paidKITTENDORF FUND202320399349100202
2022The Robert Wood Johnson FoundationAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$50,000paidMATCHING GIFT202343139349100304
2022Mary Williams Gillenwater Scholarship Fund 2-1388Ann Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$34,654paidSCHOLARSHIP FUNDING202320129349100527
2022Schwab Charitable FundAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIA$30,300paidPUBLIC, SOCIETAL BENEFIT202330939349300403
2022Vanguard Charitable Endowment ProgramAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIA$27,000paidFor recipient's exempt purpose202331359349303108
2022Fidelity Investments Charitable Gift FundAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIA$26,450paidFor grant recipient's exempt purposes202430459349302913
2022Fidelity Investments Charitable Gift FundNichols House Museum Inc Boston, MAA$26,450paidFor grant recipient's exempt purposes202321309349304807
2022American Online Giving Foundation IncAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIA$21,715paidGENERAL SUPPORT202340469349301209
2022James a and Faith Knight FoundationAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$10,000paidSUPPORT THE COMMUNITY COLLEGE SCHOLA202311509349100576
2022The Campbell FundAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$10,000paidUNRESTRICTED SUPPORT FOR ACTIVITIES202311309349100726
2022Network for GoodAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIA$7,585paidUNRESTRICTED202342939349300849
2022Consumers Energy FoundationAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$1,000paidEMPLOYEE/RETIREE MATCHING GIFT202323199349102887
2022Amazonsmile FoundationAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$14paidGENERAL SUPPORT202313119349100141
2021The Buhr FoundationAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$6,532,166paidTERMINATION OF THE BUHR FOUNDATION INTO NINE CHARITABLE FUNDS AT THE ANN ARBOR AREA COMMUNITY FOUNDATION.202230639349100703
2021Schwab Charitable FundAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIA$1,023,200paidPUBLIC, SOCIETAL BENEFIT202230499349301028
2021Duffy FoundationAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$170,000paidUSE CONSISTENT W/501(C)(3) STATUS202201309349100605
2021The Buhr FoundationAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$76,860paidTERMINATION OF THE BUHR FOUNDATION INTO NINE CHARITABLE FUNDS AT THE ANN ARBOR AREA COMMUNITY FOUNDATION.202230639349100703
2021River City FoundationAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$72,900paidKITTENDORF FUND202230339349100603
2021Fidelity Investments Charitable Gift FundAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIA$67,374paidFor grant recipient's exempt purposes202221339349302787
2021The Buhr FoundationAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$58,271paidTERMINATION OF THE BUHR FOUNDATION INTO NINE CHARITABLE FUNDS AT THE ANN ARBOR AREA COMMUNITY FOUNDATION.202230639349100703
2021Mary Williams Gillenwater Scholarship Fund 2-1388Ann Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$28,821paidSCHOLARSHIP FUNDING202210689349100516
2021Speyer FoundationAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$16,000paidTO BENEFIT THE SCHOLARSHIP202103139349100115
2021National Philanthropic TrustAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIA$9,000paidPUBLIC, SOCIETAL BENEFIT202231339349309863
2021American Online Giving Foundation IncAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIA$8,596paidGENERAL SUPPORT202240469349301419
2021Vanguard Charitable Endowment ProgramAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIA$6,053paidFOR RECIPIENT'S EXEMPT PURPOSE202211339349310116
2021Ann Arbor Huron High School Booster Club IncAnn Arbor Area Community FoundationD$6,000paid202143379349300304
2021Paypal Charitable Giving FundWarm the Children Fund Ann Arbor, MIA$5,340paidGeneral Support202232669349300528
2021Bob and Jan Lyons FoundationAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation - Dexter Community Fund Ann Arbor, MID$2,000paidGENERAL FUND202231299349101678
2021Ross & Pj Martin Family FoundationAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$2,000paidGeneral Contribution202231299349100038
2021Light Action FoundationAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$2,000paidPROMOTE MUSIC EDUCATION IN THE ANN ARBOR AREA202231329349104303
2020Washtenaw Housing AllianceAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIA$500,000paidAFFORDABLE HOUSING202141379349310824
2020Duffy FoundationAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$145,000paidUSE CONSISTENT W/501(C)(3) STATUS202111379349101376
2020Consumers Energy FoundationAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$105,465paidEMERGENCY RELIEF SPECIAL MATCHING PROGRAM202143199349109809
2020The Martin Family FoundationAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$77,000paidHUMANITARIAN202123199349100532
2020The Robert Wood Johnson FoundationAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$50,000paidMatching Gifts202331099349100118
2020The Robert Wood Johnson FoundationAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$50,000paidMatching Gifts202143159349102389
2020River City FoundationAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$41,000paidGENERAL SUPPORT202120419349100407
2020Mary Williams Gillenwater Scholarship Fund 2-1388Ann Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$30,027paidSCHOLARSHIP FUNDING202130689349100203
2020Ranger FoundationAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$30,000paidCAPITAL CAMPAIGN202102929349100600
2020James a and Faith Knight FoundationAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIC$29,000paidTO PARTNER WITH AAACF TO FUND THE LE202101379349100955
2020Community Foundation for Southeast MichiganAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIA$25,000paidCOVID-19 RESPONSE EFFORTS202123199349311342
2020Consumers Energy FoundationAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$23,300paidCOVID-19 SPECIAL MATCHING PROGRAM202143199349109809
2020Fidelity Investments Charitable Gift FundAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIA$23,100paidFor grant recipient's exempt purposes202121359349300427
2020James a and Faith Knight FoundationAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIC$15,000paidTO PARTNER WITH AAACF TO FUND THE CO202101379349100955
2020The Campbell FundAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$15,000paidRESTRICTED SISTER YVONNE202133159349102113
2020Schwab Charitable FundAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIA$12,400paidPUBLIC, SOCIETAL BENEFIT202140489349301804
2020United Way of Washtenaw CountyAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIA$10,227paidDESIGNATION202110309349300201
2020Consumers Energy FoundationAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$10,000paidWASHTENAW COUNTY COVID-19 COMMUNITY RELIEF FUND202143199349109809
2020Ross & Pj Martin Family FoundationAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$2,000paidContribution202121129349101412
2020Marjorie Harris Reynolds FdnAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIC$2,000paidCOMMUNITY SUSTAINABILITY202101129349101435
2020Consumers Energy FoundationAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$1,000paidEMPLOYEE/RETIREE MATCHING GIFT202143199349109809
2020Whitman Family Foundation Co Northpoint FinancialAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$1,000paidANNUAL FUND202111129349101711
2020Consumers Energy FoundationAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$1,000paidEMPLOYEE/RETIREE MATCHING GIFT202143199349109809
2020Light Action FoundationAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$1,000paidPROMOTE MUSIC EDUCATION IN THE ANN ARBOR AREA202141379349102914
2020Agilent Technologies FoundationAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$1,000paidPROGRAM SUPPORT202132589349101008
2020Consumers Energy FoundationAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$300paidEMPLOYEE/RETIREE MATCHING GIFT202143199349109809
2020Amazonsmile FoundationAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$25paidGENERAL SUPPORT202113199349100901
2020Imc Chicago Charitable FoundationAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$25paidGENERAL202142819349100214
2019Mary Williams Gillenwater Scholarship Fund 2-1388Ann Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$36,821paidSCHOLARSHIP FUNDING202000699349100200
2019United Way of Washtenaw CountyAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIA$14,094paidDESIGNATION202030319349300013
2019James a and Faith Knight FoundationAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIC$14,000paidTO PARTNER WITH AAACF TO FUND THE CO202002109349100200
2019James a and Faith Knight FoundationAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIC$14,000paidTO PARTNER WITH AAACF TO FUND THE CO202011899349101156
2019Fidelity Investments Charitable Gift FundAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIA$10,800paidFor grant recipient's exempt purposes202041789349301474
2019Schwab Charitable FundAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIA$5,700paidPUBLIC, SOCIETAL BENEFIT202010489349300101
2019Light Action FoundationAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$1,000paidPROMOTE ANN ARBOR AREA COMMUNITY ASSISTANCE202010559349100616
2019River City FoundationAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$1,000paidGENERAL SUPPORT202010279349100301
2018Duffy Foundation Erik H SerrAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$125,000paidUSE CONSISTENT W/501(C)(3) STATUS201902889349100600
2018Mary Williams Gillenwater Scholarship Fund 2-1388Ann Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$33,564paidSCHOLARSHIP ADMINISTRATION201940569349100114
2018Fidelity Investments Charitable Gift FundAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIA$23,500paidFOR GRANT RECIPIENT'S EXEMPT PURPOSES201931359349301478
2018United Way of Washtenaw CountyAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIA$16,712paidDESIGNATION201930309349301218
2018James a and Faith Knight FoundationAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIC$14,000paidFUND EXCEUTIVE LEADERSHIP PRGRM201941649349100309
2018James a and Faith Knight FoundationAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIC$12,500paidFUND COACHES SCHOLARSHIP PRGRM201941649349100309
2018River City FoundationAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$1,000paidGENERAL SUPPORT201900679349100705
2018The Kusinski Family FoundationAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$500paidOPERATIONS201921289349100122
2018DotopiaAnn Arbor Area Community Foundation Ann Arbor, MIB$20paidUNRESTRICTED CHARITABLE CONTRIBUTION201921359349102212

Match tier: A Reported EIN · B Exact name and place · C Strong name match · D Probable name match · U Unresolved. Tiers C and D are inferred, not reported; see how matching works.

Recipient matching for this dataset version has not yet completed its independent precision check. Tier A rows carry the EIN the filer reported; tiers B–D are inferred and should be read as leads until the check is published on the methodology page.

Derived from IRS Form 990-PF and Form 990 Schedule I e-file XML filed by the funders shown; this organization's identity from the IRS Exempt Organizations Business Master File. Dataset version 2026.09.0, built 2026-09-03. The rows as Parquet: manifest.

The same organization elsewhere in the program: exempt status and filing health · federal awards · grant guidance · open opportunities.

This is informational only, derived from public data on the dates shown. It is not an eligibility determination, and not legal, tax, or accounting advice. Verify against the official source before relying on it.