funder-graph

funder-graph › Recipients

Who funds American Anti-Vivisection Society

EIN 23-0341990 · Jenkintown, PA · NTEE D012

American Anti-Vivisection Society of Jenkintown, PA (EIN 23-0341990) was named as a grant recipient by 40 funders in 121 grants paid totaling $1,374,277 in tax years 2018–2025, as reported on the funders' Forms 990-PF and 990 Schedule I. Each edge was resolved to this EIN at the match tier shown. Dataset version 2026.09.0, built 2026-09-03.

Grants received

$1,374,277

121 grants paid

Funders

40

distinct grantmakers

Tax years

2018–2025

as reported by funders

Approved for future payment

$500

not included in grants received

Funders

Grantmakers ranked by total paid to American Anti-Vivisection Society
FunderStateMatchGrantsTotal paidLatest year
William C Borst Trust UW 84-6018056WIB2$262,5002021
Fidelity Investments Charitable Gift Fund 11-0303001MAA9$213,0672025
Donors Trust Inc 52-2166327VAA5$200,5002024
Diehl E Fbo Charities Tuw 23-6210406NVB8$158,0352025
Schwab Charitable Fund 31-1640316CAA8$126,5362025
Sporkin Lillian 23-6913990NVB7$118,2702025
Joanna B F Schlechter #2 Res Tw 23-6514232PAB6$75,2712025
The Chicago Community Trust 36-2167000ILA2$35,0002020
The Community Foundation for Greater New Haven 06-6032106CTAD3$30,0402024
Vanguard Charitable Endowment Program 23-2888152PAA1$28,5002024
Darbaker Leasure K - UW 25-6031801PAC4$18,5832025
Marin Community Foundation 94-3007979CAA1$15,0002020
Pc Fund for Animals Charitable TR 65-0932413WYBC5$10,0502024
Mel & Kitty Kessler Foundation Kessler Foundation 92-6282424FLD1$10,0002023
The Strong-Cuevas Foundation Inc 13-3818287NYB2$10,0002025
The Patricia Florence Miller Trust 82-6281428IAB3$8,6002023
Network for Good 68-0480736DCA1$7,5032018
Raymond James Charitable Endowment Fund 59-3652538FLA1$7,5002022
Community Foundation of New Jersey 22-2281783NJA1$7,2502020
American Online Giving Foundation Inc 81-0739440DEA1$7,0982020
Give Lively Foundation Inc 81-0693451NYA1$6,2712024
Amazonsmile Foundation 46-2626883WAB3$4,8482023
Bradford Family Foundation 37-6560964MOBC4$4,0002024
The Janice Spencer Calkin Foundation 47-4976162DEB2$3,0002019
The Susan and Ford Schumann Foundation C/O Baker Tilly US Llp 86-0553890AZB4$2,0002025
The Gerald B Shreiber Foundation 22-6868479NJB1$1,0002019
The Bank of America Charitable Foundation Inc 20-0721133NCB10$9002023
Jpmorgan Chase Foundation 23-7049738NYB4$5012024
Davidson Foundation for Music Dance and Dramatic Arts 95-4649615CAC1$4602023
The Saridaar Foundation 30-0129333AZB2$4502024
The Leslie Miller and Richard Worley Foundation 23-7862650PAB2$4002023
Rodney & Phyllis Kunishige Charitable Foundation 77-0472105CAC5$2852025
Liberty Hill Foundation 51-0181191CAA1$2502022
Amica Companies Foundation 05-0493445RIB3$1592024
Butchkie Foundation Inc C/O Jeffrey Le Benger 84-3065790FLB1$1502022
Duncans and Tuquis Legacy Organization DBA Datlo 47-4305502NYB2$1252022
The Shatz Family Foundation Inc 47-2492793NYB2$1002024
Seckinger Foundation Corporation 82-2524117FLB1$502023
Joyce a Ward Foundation 81-4700250CAC1$252022

Match tier: A Reported EIN · B Exact name and place · C Strong name match · D Probable name match · U Unresolved. Tiers C and D are inferred, not reported; see how matching works.

Grants

The 122 most recent grants naming this organization.

Grants to American Anti-Vivisection Society as reported by funders
Tax yearFunderRecipientMatchAmountTypePurposeSource filing
2025Diehl E Fbo Charities TuwAmerican Anti Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$34,000paidGENERAL OPERATING202611249349102126
2025Donor Advised Charitable Giving IncAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAA$21,976paidENVIRONMENTAL AND ANIMALS202611199349300601
2025Sporkin LillianAmerican Anti Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$18,321paidGENERAL SUPPORT202631249349104203
2025Fidelity Investments Charitable Gift FundAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAA$13,758paidFor grant recipient's exempt purposes202601389349301700
2025Joanna B F Schlechter #2 Res TwAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$10,552paidGENERAL SUPPORT202640439349100609
2025Darbaker Leasure K - UWAmerican Anti-Vivisection Jenkintown, PAC$6,549paidGENERAL OPERATING202503149349101130
2025The Strong-Cuevas Foundation IncAmerican Anti Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$5,000paidGENERAL OPERATING SUPPORT202610479349100856
2025The Susan and Ford Schumann Foundation C/O Baker Tilly Advisory Group LpAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$500paidGENERAL FUNDS202631209349102568
2025Rodney & Phyllis Kunishige Charitable FoundationAmerican Anti-Vivisectioin Society Jenkentown, PAC$50paidCharitable Grant202611289349104406
2024Donors Trust IncAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAA$50,000paidfor the William and Eleanor Cave Award202513179349312256
2024Vanguard Charitable Endowment ProgramAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAA$28,500paidFOR RECIPIENT'S EXEMPT PURPOSE202511349349313096
2024Diehl E Fbo Charities TuwAmerican Anti Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$28,000paidGENERAL OPERATING202511269349104556
2024Sporkin LillianAmerican Anti Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$16,500paidGENERAL SUPPORT202521269349104292
2024Fidelity Investments Charitable Gift FundAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAA$14,604paidFor grant recipient's exempt purposes202521349349310887
2024Joanna B F Schlechter #2 Res TwAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$14,521paidGENERAL SUPPORT202530349349100328
2024Donor Advised Charitable Giving IncAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAA$10,375paidENVIRONMENTAL AND ANIMALS202541069349300729
2024The Community Foundation for Greater New HavenAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAA$10,193paidMILDRED A. KELLY FUND202543219349314969
2024Give Lively Foundation IncAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAA$6,271paidGENERAL SUPPORT202521969349301212
2024Darbaker Leasure K - UWAmerican Anti-Vivisection Jenkintown, PAC$5,303paidGENERAL OPERATING202403119349101565
2024Pc Fund for Animals Charitable TRAmerican Anti Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$5,050paidUNRESTRICTED202532479349100408
2024The Strong-Cuevas Foundation IncAmerican Anti Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$5,000paidEDUCATION OF THE PUBLIC CONCERNING THE ARTS202403249349100025
2024The Susan and Ford Schumann Foundation C/O Baker Tilly Advisory Group LpAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$500paidGENERAL FUNDS202511279349103436
2024Bradford Family FoundationAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$500paidGENERAL OPERATING FUND202511329349102861
2024The Saridaar FoundationAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$200paidCHARITABLE PURPOSE202540159349100169
2024Rodney & Phyllis Kunishige Charitable FoundationAmerican Anti-Vivisectioin Society Jenkentown, PAC$75paidCharitable Grant202531289349100743
2024Amica Companies FoundationAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$53paidGENERAL PURPOSE202513149349102831
2024The Shatz Family Foundation IncAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$50paidEXEMPT PURPOSE202522589349100752
2024Jpmorgan Chase FoundationAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$25paidMATCHING CONTRIBUTION (GENERAL OPERATING SUPPORT)202531699349100608
2023Donors Trust IncAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAA$50,000paidfor the William and Eleanor Cave Award202423189349304787
2023Fidelity Investments Charitable Gift FundAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAA$24,950paidFor grant recipient's exempt purposes202441369349301334
2023Sporkin LillianAmerican Anti Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$17,053paidGENERAL SUPPORT202401109349100410
2023Diehl E Fbo Charities TuwAmerican Anti Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$16,720paidGENERAL OPERATING202431109349100313
2023Joanna B F Schlechter #2 Res TwAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$12,650paidGENERAL SUPPORT202411309349102841
2023The Community Foundation for Greater New HavenAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAA$10,039paidFOR GENERAL OPERATING SUPPORT202403209349318265
2023Mel & Kitty Kessler Foundation Kessler FoundationAmerican Antivivisectionist Soc Foxcroft Sq, PAD$10,000paidPROTECTION OF ANIMALS202502419349100615
2023Schwab Charitable FundAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAA$9,625paidENVIRONMENTAL AND ANIMALS202411039349301716
2023The Patricia Florence Miller TrustAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$3,300paidProtection and rescue of animals202433139349102028
2023Darbaker Leasure K - UWAmerican Anti-Vivisection Jenkintown, PAC$3,079paidGENERAL OPERATING202313059349101126
2023Amazonsmile FoundationAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$1,242paidGENERAL SUPPORT202540919349100629
2023Pc Fund for Animal Charitable TrustAmerican Anti Vivisection Jenkintown, PAC$1,000paidUNRESTRICTED DONATION202443199349101939
2023Bradford Family FoundationAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society (aavs) Jenkintown, PAC$500paidGENERAL OPERATING FUND202431319349100138
2023The Susan and Ford Schumann Foundation C/O Baker Tilly US LlpAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$500paidGENERAL FUNDS202441309349100004
2023Davidson Foundation for Music Dance and Dramatic ArtsAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society (aavs) Jenkintown, PAC$460paidASSISTANCE WITH 501(C)(3) PURPOSE202413209349107976
2023The Saridaar FoundationAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$250paidCHARITABLE PURPOSE202343329349100004
2023The Leslie Miller and Richard Worley FoundationAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$200paidGENERAL FUNDS202433219349100008
2023Rodney & Phyllis Kunishige Charitable FoundationAmerican Anti-Vivisectioin Society Jenkentown, PAC$100paidCharitable Grant202431279349102033
2023Amica Companies FoundationAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$53paidGENERAL PURPOSE202443199349102974
2023Seckinger Foundation CorporationAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$50paidANIMAL ADVOCACY202542349349100914
2023The Bank of America Charitable Foundation IncAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$25paidPROGRAM/OPERATING SUPPORT202411309349100126
2023Jpmorgan Chase FoundationAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$25paidGENERAL OPERATING SUPPORT202443059349101309
2022Donors Trust IncAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAA$50,000paidfor the William and Eleanor Cave Award202323049349300742
2022Fidelity Investments Charitable Gift FundAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAA$36,460paidFor grant recipient's exempt purposes202430459349302913
2022Fidelity Investments Charitable Gift FundAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAA$36,460paidFor grant recipient's exempt purposes202321309349304807
2022Schwab Charitable FundAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAA$18,400paidENVIRONMENTAL AND ANIMALS202330939349300403
2022Diehl E Fbo Charities TuwAmerican Anti Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$18,400paidGENERAL OPERATING202311299349103391
2022Joanna B F Schlechter #2 Res TwAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$13,714paidGENERAL SUPPORT202330129349100783
2022Sporkin LillianAmerican Anti Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$11,132paidGENERAL SUPPORT202321299349102812
2022The Community Foundation for Greater New HavenAmerican Anti-Vivisection SocietyD$9,808paidGENERAL OPERATING SUPPORT202333199349326213
2022Raymond James Charitable Endowment FundAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAA$7,500paidGENERAL SUPPORT202320469349302162
2022Amazonsmile FoundationAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$1,722paidGENERAL SUPPORT202313119349100141
2022Bradford Family FoundationAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society (aavs) Jenkintown, PAC$1,500paidGENERAL OPERATING FUND202311589349100131
2022The Patricia Florence Miller TrustAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$1,300paidPROTECTION AND RESUCE OF ANIMALS202301329349102160
2022Pc Fund for Animal Charitable TrustAmerican Anti Vivisection Jenkintown, PAC$1,000paidUNRESTRICTED202343129349101389
2022The Susan and Ford Schumann Foundation C/O Baker Tilly US LlpAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$500paidGENERAL FUNDS202301299349104445
2022Synchrony FoundationAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$500approved, futureEMPLOYEE MATCHING202343179349103899
2022Liberty Hill FoundationAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAA$250paidGENERAL SUPPORT202322909349300402
2022The Leslie Miller and Richard Worley FoundationAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$200paidGENERAL FUNDS202313199349110081
2022Butchkie Foundation Inc C/O Jeffrey Le BengerAmerican Anti Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$150paidCHARITABLE CONTRIBUTION TO SUPPORT THE MISSION OF THE CHARITY202343199349101144
2022The Bank of America Charitable Foundation IncAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$100paidPROGRAM/OPERATING SUPPORT202301309349101020
2022The Bank of America Charitable Foundation IncAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$75paidPROGRAM/OPERATING SUPPORT202301309349101020
2022Duncans and Tuquis Legacy Organization DBA DatloAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$75paidBENEFIT OF ANIMALS202312509349100011
2022Amica Companies FoundationAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$53paidGENERAL PURPOSE202343199349108344
2022Jpmorgan Chase FoundationAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$51paidGENERAL OPERATING SUPPORT202322839349100212
2022Rodney & Phyllis Kunishige Charitable FoundationAmerican Anti-Vivisectioin Society Jenkentown, PAC$35paidCharitable Grant202341299349105259
2022Joyce a Ward FoundationAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society a Jenkintown, PAC$25paidANIMAL SUPPORT202300749349100330
2021William C Borst Trust UWAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$130,000paidGENERAL OPERATING202201309349102300
2021Fidelity Investments Charitable Gift FundAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAA$29,300paidFor grant recipient's exempt purposes202221339349302787
2021Sporkin LillianAmerican Anti Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$25,500paidGENERAL SUPPORT202241319349102869
2021Schwab Charitable FundAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAA$25,300paidENVIRONMENTAL AND ANIMALS202230499349301028
2021Diehl E Fbo Charities TuwAmerican Anti Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$15,465paidGENERAL OPERATING202231319349101913
2021Joanna B F Schlechter #2 Res TwAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$12,357paidGENERAL SUPPORT202103569349101100
2021Darbaker Leasure K - UWAmerican Anti-Vivisection Jenkintown, PAC$3,652paidGENERAL OPERATING202113129349100021
2021Bradford Family FoundationAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society (aavs) Jenkintown, PAC$1,500paidGENERAL OPERATING FUND202221319349104497
2021The Shatz Family Foundation IncAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$50paidEXEMPT PURPOSE202212169349100726
2021The Bank of America Charitable Foundation IncAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$50paidOPERATIONAL SUPPORT202221309349101737
2021Duncans and Tuquis Legacy Organization DBA DatloAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$50paidBENEFIT OF ANIMALS202222649349100502
2021The Bank of America Charitable Foundation IncAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$25paidOPERATIONAL SUPPORT202221309349101737
2021Rodney & Phyllis Kunishige Charitable FoundationAmerican Anti-Vivisectioin Society Jenkentown, PAC$25paidCharitable Grant202211309349102521
2020William C Borst Trust UWAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$132,500paidGENERAL OPERATING202133129349100898
2020Donors Trust IncAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAA$50,000paidfor the William and Eleanor Cave Award202133199349305758
2020Fidelity Investments Charitable Gift FundAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAA$28,250paidFor grant recipient's exempt purposes202121359349300427
2020Schwab Charitable FundAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAA$22,325paidENVIRONMENTAL AND ANIMALS202140489349301804
2020Diehl E Fbo Charities TuwAmerican Anti Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$15,350paidGENERAL OPERATING202141259349100049
2020Marin Community FoundationAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAA$15,000paidPROVIDE GENERAL OPERATING SUPPORT202111359349300041
2020Joanna B F Schlechter #2 Res TwAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$11,477paidGENERAL SUPPORT202130089349100158
2020Sporkin LillianAmerican Anti Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$11,000paidGENERAL SUPPORT202111259349101821
2020The Chicago Community TrustAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAA$10,000paidGENERAL OPERATING SUPPORT202112239349302351
2020Community Foundation of New JerseyAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAA$7,250paidGENERAL SUPPORT202142999349301249
2020American Online Giving Foundation IncAmerican Antivivisection Society Jenkintown, PAA$7,098paidGENERAL SUPPORT202120469349300002
2020The Patricia Florence Miller TrustAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$4,000paidPROTECTION AND RESUE OF ANIMALS202103149349100640
2020Amazonsmile FoundationAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$1,884paidGENERAL SUPPORT202113199349100901
2020Donors Trust IncAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAA$500paidfor general operations202133199349305758
2020The Bank of America Charitable Foundation IncAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$150paidGENERAL SUPPORT202131479349100003
2020The Bank of America Charitable Foundation IncAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$50paidGENERAL SUPPORT202131479349100003
2019The Chicago Community TrustAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAA$25,000paidGENERAL OPERATING SUPPORT202022199349300707
2019Fidelity Investments Charitable Gift FundAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAA$21,125paidFor grant recipient's exempt purposes202041789349301474
2019Sporkin LillianAmerican Anti Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$18,764paidGENERAL SUPPORT202021259349101272
2019Diehl E Fbo Charities TuwAmerican Anti Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$15,175paidGENERAL OPERATING202001259349100505
2019Schwab Charitable FundAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAA$7,225paidENVIRONMENTAL AND ANIMALS202010489349300101
2019The Janice Spencer Calkin FoundationAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$1,500paidGeneral & Unrestricted202011639349101601
2019Pc Fund for Animals Charitable TRAmerican Anti Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$1,000paidUNRESTRICTED202021959349100847
2019The Gerald B Shreiber FoundationAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$1,000paidGENERAL SUPPORT202020659349100507
2019The Bank of America Charitable Foundation IncAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$125paidPROGRAM/OPERATING SUPPORT202001499349100200
2018Diehl E Fbo Charities TuwAmerican Anti Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$14,925paidGENERAL OPERATING201911239349102076
2018Schwab Charitable FundAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAA$11,310paidENVIRONMENTAL/ANIMALS201930459349302018
2018Fidelity Investments Charitable Gift FundAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAA$8,160paidFOR GRANT RECIPIENT'S EXEMPT PURPOSES201931359349301478
2018Network for GoodAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAA$7,503paidUnrestricted201941789349300019
2018Pc Fund for Animals Charitable TRAmerican Anti Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$2,000paidUNRESTRICTED201911379349100711
2018The Janice Spencer Calkin FoundationAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$1,500paidGeneral & Unrestricted201911339349103361
2018Jpmorgan Chase FoundationAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$400paidGENERAL OPERATING SUPPORT201932679349100303
2018The Bank of America Charitable Foundation IncAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$275paidPROGRAM/OPERATING SUPPORT201931349349102143
2018The Bank of America Charitable Foundation IncAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society Jenkintown, PAB$25paidPROGRAM/OPERATING SUPPORT201931349349102143

Match tier: A Reported EIN · B Exact name and place · C Strong name match · D Probable name match · U Unresolved. Tiers C and D are inferred, not reported; see how matching works.

Recipient matching for this dataset version has not yet completed its independent precision check. Tier A rows carry the EIN the filer reported; tiers B–D are inferred and should be read as leads until the check is published on the methodology page.

Derived from IRS Form 990-PF and Form 990 Schedule I e-file XML filed by the funders shown; this organization's identity from the IRS Exempt Organizations Business Master File. Dataset version 2026.09.0, built 2026-09-03. The rows as Parquet: manifest.

The same organization elsewhere in the program: exempt status and filing health · federal awards · grant guidance · open opportunities.

This is informational only, derived from public data on the dates shown. It is not an eligibility determination, and not legal, tax, or accounting advice. Verify against the official source before relying on it.