funder-graph › Recipients
Who funds Presbyterian College
EIN 57-0314408 · Clinton, SC · NTEE L20Z
Presbyterian College of Clinton, SC (EIN 57-0314408) was named as a grant recipient by 40 funders in 133 grants paid totaling $11,043,692 in tax years 2018–2025, as reported on the funders' Forms 990-PF and 990 Schedule I. Each edge was resolved to this EIN at the match tier shown. Dataset version 2026.09.0, built 2026-09-03.
Grants received
$11,043,692
133 grants paid
Funders
40
distinct grantmakers
Tax years
2018–2025
as reported by funders
Funders
Match tier: A Reported EIN · B Exact name and place · C Strong name match · D Probable name match · U Unresolved. Tiers C and D are inferred, not reported; see how matching works.
Grants
The 133 most recent grants naming this organization.
| Tax year | Funder | Recipient | Match | Amount | Type | Purpose | Source filing |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2025 | Fidelity Investments Charitable Gift Fund | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $279,800 | paid | For grant recipient's exempt purposes | 202601389349301700 |
| 2025 | Central Carolina Community Foundation | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $243,250 | paid | GENERAL SUPPORT | 202631359349313608 |
| 2025 | The Big South Conference Inc | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $102,498 | paid | GENERAL SUPPORT | 202631329349306313 |
| 2025 | Raymond James Charitable Endowment Fund | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $75,000 | paid | GENERAL SUPPORT | 202630489349300743 |
| 2025 | National Philanthropic Trust | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $56,709 | paid | EDUCATION | 202601289349302480 |
| 2025 | John I Smith Charities Inc | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | C | $50,000 | paid | FUNDS FOR UNRESTRICTED USE | 202523499349100407 |
| 2025 | South Carolina Independent Colleges and Universities | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $32,851 | paid | HIGHER EDUCATION | 202630419349301048 |
| 2025 | Donor Advised Charitable Giving Inc | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $20,025 | paid | HUMAN SERVICES | 202611199349300601 |
| 2025 | Anonymous Trust U/a Dated 2-4-2008 | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | C | $14,155 | paid | SCHOLARSHIP FOR N PACHECO | 202601349349103430 |
| 2025 | Spartanburg County Foundation | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $14,147 | paid | General Support | 202621889349300922 |
| 2025 | Anonymous Trust U/a Dated 2-4-2008 | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | C | $14,000 | paid | SCHOLARSHIP FOR C VILLEDA-NUBE | 202601349349103430 |
| 2025 | Anonymous Trust U/a Dated 2-4-2008 | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | C | $10,000 | paid | SCHOLARSHIP FOR E JOHNSON | 202601349349103430 |
| 2025 | Community Foundation of Northeast Alabama | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $9,306 | paid | Educational | 202611529349300741 |
| 2025 | American Online Giving Foundation Inc | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $7,626 | paid | GENERAL SUPPORT | 202533509349301608 |
| 2025 | American Online Giving Foundation Inc | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $7,626 | paid | GENERAL SUPPORT | 202641969349302754 |
| 2025 | Anonymous Trust U/a Dated 2-4-2008 | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | C | $5,405 | paid | SCHOLARSHIP FOR K JOHNSON | 202601349349103430 |
| 2025 | Anonymous Trust U/a Dated 2-4-2008 | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | C | -$3,892 | paid | SCHOLARSHIP FOR K JOHNSON | 202601349349103430 |
| 2024 | Presbyterian College Real Estate Foundation | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $367,284 | paid | Program Support | 202501359349304020 |
| 2024 | Lettie Pate Whitehead Foundation Inc | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $306,000 | paid | For general scholarship support. | 202533019349301758 |
| 2024 | National Collegiate Athletic Association | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $238,765 | paid | Grants/Scholarships | 202511789349300711 |
| 2024 | Central Carolina Community Foundation | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $233,500 | paid | GENERAL SUPPORT | 202531359349313398 |
| 2024 | Natl Christian Charitable Fdn Inc | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $215,000 | paid | COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES | 202513109349303201 |
| 2024 | Fidelity Investments Charitable Gift Fund | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $128,000 | paid | For grant recipient's exempt purposes | 202521349349310887 |
| 2024 | John I Smith Charities Inc | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | C | $120,000 | paid | FUNDS FOR UNRESTRICTED USE | 202413209349100936 |
| 2024 | The Big South Conference Inc | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $117,575 | paid | General Support | 202541269349301539 |
| 2024 | South Carolina Independent Colleges and Universities | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $40,288 | paid | HIGHER EDUCATION | 202520219349301712 |
| 2024 | United States Tennis Association Incorporated | Presbyterian College | A | $28,750 | paid | Facility Assistance Program Grant | 202523189349303657 |
| 2024 | Anonymous Trust U/a Dated 2-4-2008 | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | C | $19,079 | paid | SCHOLARSHIP FOR EVYN JOHNSON | 202541359349101919 |
| 2024 | Donor Advised Charitable Giving Inc | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $16,700 | paid | HUMAN SERVICES | 202541069349300729 |
| 2024 | American Online Giving Foundation Inc | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $15,297 | paid | GENERAL SUPPORT | 202530159349302758 |
| 2024 | National Philanthropic Trust | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $13,000 | paid | RELIGION | 202511339349301311 |
| 2024 | Spartanburg County Foundation | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $11,060 | paid | General Support | 202502539349301275 |
| 2024 | The Bessemer Giving Fund C/O Bessemer Trust Company Trustee | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $10,000 | paid | GENERAL SUPPORT | 202513179349306881 |
| 2024 | Vanguard Charitable Endowment Program | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $10,000 | paid | FOR RECIPIENT'S EXEMPT PURPOSE | 202511349349313096 |
| 2024 | Executive Leadership Council | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $10,000 | paid | SCHOLARSHIP | 202532699349301553 |
| 2024 | Anonymous Trust U/a Dated 2-4-2008 | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | C | $9,079 | paid | SCHOLARSHIP FOR CHARLIE VILLEDA-NUBE | 202541359349101919 |
| 2024 | Community Foundation of Northeast Alabama | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $8,919 | paid | EDUCATIONAL | 202541429349300729 |
| 2024 | Prisma Health | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $7,500 | paid | op/community engagement | 202542259349302854 |
| 2024 | Comporium Foundation Inc | Presbyterian College Rock Hill, SC | C | $1,500 | paid | RELIGIOUS & EDUCATION | 202531359349102758 |
| 2023 | Lettie Pate Whitehead Foundation Inc | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $306,000 | paid | For general scholarship support. | 202432969349301408 |
| 2023 | Central Carolina Community Foundation | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $271,000 | paid | GENERAL SUPPORT | 202402929349300735 |
| 2023 | National Collegiate Athletic Association | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $239,613 | paid | Grants/Scholarships | 202401799349300305 |
| 2023 | John I Smith Charities Inc | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | C | $105,000 | paid | FUNDS FOR UNRESTRICTED USE | 202430449349100218 |
| 2023 | The Big South Conference Inc | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $84,173 | paid | GENERAL SUPPORT | 202421369349305052 |
| 2023 | Natl Christian Charitable Fdn Inc | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $50,500 | paid | GROWTH | 202443169349306424 |
| 2023 | Fidelity Investments Charitable Gift Fund | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $49,400 | paid | For grant recipient's exempt purposes | 202441369349301334 |
| 2023 | South Carolina Independent Colleges and Universities | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $41,364 | paid | HIGHER EDUCATION | 202431139349301118 |
| 2023 | Community Foundation of Northeast Alabama | Sav-a-Life Inc Anniston, AL | A | $30,685 | paid | BABY BASICS PROGRAM AND FATHERHOOD ADVOCACY | 202440539349300429 |
| 2023 | American Online Giving Foundation Inc | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $19,460 | paid | GENERAL SUPPORT | 202410469349300741 |
| 2023 | Spartanburg County Foundation | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $15,700 | paid | General Support | 202413209349307101 |
| 2023 | South Carolina Research Authority | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $15,000 | paid | Academic Matching | 202440729349301009 |
| 2023 | National Philanthropic Trust | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $14,500 | paid | EDUCATION | 202431429349301368 |
| 2023 | Anonymous Trust U/a Dated 2-4-2008 | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | C | $13,955 | paid | SCHOLARSHIP FOR CHARIEL VILLEDA-NUBE | 202411349349100936 |
| 2023 | Executive Leadership Council | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $10,000 | paid | SCHOLARSHIP | 202442849349300924 |
| 2023 | The Bessemer Giving Fund C/O Bessemer Trust Company Trustee | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $10,000 | paid | ANNUAL FUND | 202423199349308562 |
| 2023 | Schwab Charitable Fund | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $9,325 | paid | HUMAN SERVICES | 202411039349301716 |
| 2023 | Community Foundation of Northeast Alabama | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $8,848 | paid | EDUCATIONAL | 202440539349300429 |
| 2023 | American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $7,500 | paid | NEW INVESTIGATORS AWARD | 202410479349300726 |
| 2023 | National Association of Student Personnel Administrators Inc | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $5,053 | paid | FIRST SCHOLARS LEADERSHIP ACADEMY GRANT | 202441359349305844 |
| 2023 | The Balle Foundation | Presbyterian College Laurens, SC | C | $5,000 | paid | COLLEGES GRACE INITIATIVE | 202312379349100216 |
| 2023 | Cvs Foundation | Presbyterian College School Clinton Sc Clinton, SC | D | $3,000 | paid | PHARMACY SCHOLARSHIP | 202443199349101349 |
| 2023 | Comporium Foundation Inc | Presbyterian College Rock Hill, SC | C | $1,000 | paid | RELIGIOUS & EDUCATION | 202421369349101802 |
| 2023 | Cvs Foundation | Presbyterian College School Clinton Sc Clinton, SC | D | $1,000 | paid | PHARMACY SCHOLARSHIP | 202443199349101349 |
| 2022 | Fidelity Investments Charitable Gift Fund | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $1,214,400 | paid | For grant recipient's exempt purposes | 202321309349304807 |
| 2022 | Fidelity Investments Charitable Gift Fund | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $1,214,400 | paid | For grant recipient's exempt purposes | 202430459349302913 |
| 2022 | Lettie Pate Whitehead Foundation Inc | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $284,000 | paid | For general scholarship support. | 202332899349301593 |
| 2022 | Central Carolina Community Foundation | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $252,500 | paid | GENERAL SUPPORT | 202301359349315310 |
| 2022 | National Collegiate Athletic Association | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $239,120 | paid | Scholarships/Grants | 202331449349300303 |
| 2022 | Natl Christian Charitable Fdn Inc | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $226,000 | paid | GROWTH | 202333179349303063 |
| 2022 | South Carolina Independent Colleges and Universities Inc | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $38,597 | paid | HIGHER EDUCATION | 202341009349301324 |
| 2022 | Spartanburg County Foundation | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $17,309 | paid | GENERAL SUPPORT | 202333189349300033 |
| 2022 | The Bessemer Giving Fund C/O Bessemer Trust Company Trustee | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $10,000 | paid | GENERAL SUPPORT | 202313199349305716 |
| 2022 | Foundation for the Carolinas | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $10,000 | paid | CHARITABLE GIFT | 202343199349307329 |
| 2022 | Schwab Charitable Fund | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $8,300 | paid | HUMAN SERVICES | 202330939349300403 |
| 2022 | The Balle Foundation | Presbyterian College Laurens, SC | C | $8,000 | paid | COLLEGES GRACE INITIATIVE | 202242739349100804 |
| 2022 | Prisma Health | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $7,500 | paid | Operational/Community Engagement | 202322239349302557 |
| 2022 | The Blackbaud Giving Fund | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $6,654 | paid | GENERAL SUPPORT | 202312409349300046 |
| 2022 | Tulsa Community Foundation | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $6,250 | paid | SCHOLARSHIPS | 202323199349323297 |
| 2022 | Cvs Foundation | Presbyterian College School Clinton Sc Clinton, SC | D | $3,000 | paid | PHARMACY SCHOLARSHIPS | 202323189349104187 |
| 2022 | Cvs Foundation | Presbyterian College School Clinton Sc Clinton, SC | D | $1,000 | paid | PHARMACY SCHOLARSHIPS | 202323189349104187 |
| 2022 | Community Foundation of Northeast Alabama | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $0 + $8,604 non-cash | paid | 2022 ANNUAL DISTRIBUTION | 202310469349301686 |
| 2021 | Fidelity Investments Charitable Gift Fund | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $327,150 | paid | For grant recipient's exempt purposes | 202221339349302787 |
| 2021 | Lettie Pate Whitehead Foundation Inc | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $261,000 | paid | For general scholarship support. | 202232779349300833 |
| 2021 | National Collegiate Athletic Association | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $198,393 | paid | Scholarships/Grants | 202221369349302902 |
| 2021 | Central Carolina Community Foundation | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $195,000 | paid | GENERAL SUPPORT | 202201369349312995 |
| 2021 | The Big South Conference Inc | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $132,641 | paid | GENERAL SUPPORT | 202221369349300622 |
| 2021 | John I Smith Charities Inc | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | C | $100,000 | paid | DONATION | 202113489349100616 |
| 2021 | The Goldman Sachs Charitable Gift Fund | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $50,000 | paid | SCHOLARSHIPS & FINANCIAL AID | 202201039349301630 |
| 2021 | South Carolina Independent Colleges and Universities Inc | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $41,982 | paid | HIGHER EDUCATION | 202210739349300241 |
| 2021 | Schwab Charitable Fund | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $16,891 | paid | HUMAN SERVICES | 202230499349301028 |
| 2021 | American Online Giving Foundation Inc | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $14,480 | paid | GENERAL SUPPORT | 202240469349301419 |
| 2021 | Waccamaw Community Foundation | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $10,500 | paid | GENERAL EDUCATION GRANT | 202241339349301329 |
| 2021 | Community Foundation of Northeast Alabama | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $8,735 | paid | ANNUAL DISTRIBUTION | 202240429349301544 |
| 2020 | Lettie Pate Whitehead Foundation Inc | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $261,000 | paid | For general scholarship support. | 202132779349300133 |
| 2020 | Morgan Stanley Global Impact Funding Trust Inc | Presbyterian College Foundation Clinton, SC | A | $98,888 | paid | UNRESTRICTED GENERAL SUPPORT | 202143219349301454 |
| 2020 | Central Carolina Community Foundation | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $76,300 | paid | GENERAL SUPPORT | 202141349349306579 |
| 2020 | Fidelity Investments Charitable Gift Fund | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $67,810 | paid | For grant recipient's exempt purposes | 202121359349300427 |
| 2020 | Natl Christian Charitable Fdn Inc | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $55,000 | paid | GROWTH | 202123099349300747 |
| 2020 | Foundation for the Carolinas | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $49,525 | paid | CHARITABLE GIFT | 202123199349322547 |
| 2020 | South Carolina Independent Colleges and Universities Inc | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $42,667 | paid | HIGHER EDUCATION | 202120609349300937 |
| 2020 | Spartanburg County Foundation | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $42,327 | paid | GENERAL SUPPORT | 202103129349304820 |
| 2020 | The Big South Conference Inc | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $40,000 | paid | GENERAL SUPPORT | 202101379349301625 |
| 2020 | Tulsa Community Foundation | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $30,788 | paid | SCHOLARSHIPS | 202103199349319070 |
| 2020 | National Philanthropic Trust | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $26,550 | paid | EDUCATION | 202121459349300307 |
| 2020 | The Bessemer Giving Fund C/O Bessemer Trust Company Trustee | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $13,000 | paid | ANNUAL FUND | 202133159349302533 |
| 2020 | National Collegiate Athletic Association | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $11,402 | paid | Scholarships/Grants | 202141969349302369 |
| 2020 | Schwab Charitable Fund | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $10,000 | paid | HUMAN SERVICES | 202140489349301804 |
| 2020 | Community Foundation of Northeast Alabama | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $8,732 | paid | ANNUAL DISTRIBUTION FOR EDUCATION | 202140469349301304 |
| 2020 | American Online Giving Foundation Inc | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $7,856 | paid | GENERAL SUPPORT | 202120469349300002 |
| 2020 | The Edward M Armfield Sr Foundation Inc | Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy Clinton, SC | D | $5,000 | paid | SCHOLARSHIPS | 202103169349102825 |
| 2020 | Taylor Foundation of Newberry Inc | Presbyterian Collge Clinton, SC | C | $4,000 | paid | Scholarship | 202122509349100507 |
| 2019 | Fidelity Investments Charitable Gift Fund | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $334,150 | paid | For grant recipient's exempt purposes | 202041789349301474 |
| 2019 | Schwab Charitable Fund | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $72,090 | paid | HUMAN SERVICES | 202010489349300101 |
| 2019 | Morgan Stanley Global Impact Funding Trust Inc | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $50,000 | paid | UNRESTRICTED GENERAL SUPPORT | 202013249349301811 |
| 2019 | Morgan Stanley Global Impact Funding Trust Inc | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $50,000 | paid | UNRESTRICTED GENERAL SUPPORT | 202013249349301811 |
| 2019 | The Big South Conference Inc | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $49,916 | paid | GENERAL SUPPORT | 202001649349300115 |
| 2019 | South Carolina Independent Colleges and Universities Inc | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $40,638 | paid | HIGHER EDUCATION | 202020579349301762 |
| 2019 | Council of Independent Colleges | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $25,000 | paid | NETVUE VOCATION | 202031119349300933 |
| 2019 | The Community Foundation for Greater Atlanta Inc | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $19,950 | paid | GENERAL SUPPORT | 202043229349301139 |
| 2019 | The Community Foundation for Greater Atlanta Inc | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $19,950 | paid | GENERAL SUPPORT | 202043229349301139 |
| 2019 | The Bessemer Giving Fund C/O Bessemer Trust Company Trustee | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $15,000 | paid | CAPITAL CAMPAIGN, ANNUAL FUND | 202023219349305062 |
| 2019 | The Bessemer Giving Fund C/O Bessemer Trust Company Trustee | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $15,000 | paid | CAPITAL CAMPAIGN, ANNUAL FUND | 202023219349305062 |
| 2019 | Community Foundation of Northeast Alabama | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $8,708 | paid | FOR EDUCATION | 202000459349300145 |
| 2019 | United Way Worldwide | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $7,676 | paid | Education | 202043219349319519 |
| 2019 | United Way Worldwide | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $7,676 | paid | Education | 202043219349319519 |
| 2019 | Prisma Health-Upstate | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $7,500 | paid | OPERATIONAL/COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT | 202002279349302135 |
| 2018 | National Collegiate Athletic Association | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $260,914 | paid | SCHOLARSHIPS/GRANTS | 201901439349300605 |
| 2018 | South Carolina Independent Colleges and Universities Inc | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $42,480 | paid | HIGHER EDUCATION | 201910709349300541 |
| 2018 | Fidelity Investments Charitable Gift Fund | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $40,950 | paid | FOR GRANT RECIPIENT'S EXEMPT PURPOSES | 201931359349301478 |
| 2018 | Spartanburg County Foundation | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $12,337 | paid | EDUCATION | 201931349349303878 |
| 2018 | Community Foundation of Northeast Al | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $10,682 | paid | FOR EDUCATION | 201930589349301503 |
| 2018 | Schwab Charitable Fund | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $9,250 | paid | EDUCATION | 201930459349302018 |
| 2018 | South Carolina Humanities Council Inc | Presbyterian College Clinton, SC | A | $6,300 | paid | ORAL HISTORY PROJECT | 201911769349300306 |
Match tier: A Reported EIN · B Exact name and place · C Strong name match · D Probable name match · U Unresolved. Tiers C and D are inferred, not reported; see how matching works.
Recipient matching for this dataset version has not yet completed its independent precision check. Tier A rows carry the EIN the filer reported; tiers B–D are inferred and should be read as leads until the check is published on the methodology page.
Derived from IRS Form 990-PF and Form 990 Schedule I e-file XML filed by the funders shown; this organization's identity from the IRS Exempt Organizations Business Master File. Dataset version 2026.09.0, built 2026-09-03. The rows as Parquet: manifest.
The same organization elsewhere in the program: exempt status and filing health · federal awards · grant guidance · open opportunities.
This is informational only, derived from public data on the dates shown. It is not an eligibility determination, and not legal, tax, or accounting advice. Verify against the official source before relying on it.